Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below. India for long has been a technology lagging behind in terms of adoption of mobile technologies. However, that is all set to change with the adoption of 5G in India. 5G extends beyond the mobile device ecosystem enabling service

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below.

India for long has been a technology lagging behind in terms of adoption of mobile technologies. However, that is all set to change with the adoption of 5G in India. 5G extends beyond the mobile device ecosystem enabling services like Machine to Machine (M2M), Internet of Things (IoT), Augmented Reality (AR) / Virtual Reality (VR). 5G has the potential to unfold a multi-billion dollar revenue opportunity for Indian telcos by 2025.

With faster data speeds and ubiquitous coverage, 5G would aid delivery of digital services in the education and healthcare sectors enhancing the reach to a huge rural population. Digitization which would only gain further momentum through 5G would also assist in making the delivery of public services more efficient. Hence, the technology would have far-reaching implications on public and industrial sectors and has the potential to transform the lives of the citizens of India.

India has embarked on the journey to build the necessary ecosystem for 5G deployment. In term of spectrum planning, harmonization and allocation; India is reviewing the 2600 MHz, 3300-3400 MHz and 3400-3600 MHz for 5G services and has commenced consultation on next round of airwaves sales. The DoT is in process of harmonization of spectrum in 3,500 MHz band and 2,600 MHz band along with E and V band which are used for backhaul connectivity.

Gear manufacturers and chip manufacturers have joined the endeavour with partnerships with public and private players including telcos, platform developers; setting up incubation centres, test beds in partnership with premier technology institutions in the country for the development of use cases. Several Indian software companies and tech start-ups are involved in IoT, M2M platform development.

With this ecosystem development in the works, 5G commercial roll-out is dependent on the formalization of standards by the International Telecommunications Union. A major milestone was the Non-Standalone (NSA) Release 15 specification meaning that the 5G network is dependent upon the existing LTE evolved packet core (EPC) network and an LTE “anchor” carrier for control signalling. This has greatly helped device and chip manufacturers in the development of the device eco-system that would be required for 5G.

The dependence of 5G on the LTE “anchor” brings the focus back on the telecom service providers who are building their 4G/ LTE networks and are still striving for pan-India coverage, desired network quality and customer experience. There are several enabling technologies which should already be embedded in the network architecture to realize the full potential of 5G such as millimetre wave spectrum, network function virtualization, massive MIMO, a software-defined network for transport networks, scalable IoT amongst others.

Most telcos are gearing up to embrace these transformational assignments and are in various stages of deployment. These endeavours, whilst in the long run might be cost-effective, but owing to the transition running simultaneously with 4G network deployment, the capex is intensive. In addition to the requirement for speedy execution of these transformations for timely 5G rollout in 2020, these expenditures are increasing and further hampering telco’s financials.

The first glimpse of commercial readiness of the telcos to embark on the 5G journey commercially and the scale of deployment would be visible in the impending spectrum auctions. Will the highly leveraged balance sheets of telcos and the current state of flux in the industry which is in consolidation mode hinder India’s plans to gain this technology leadership; remains to be seen.

Which of the following technologies enable us to fully exploit the 5G network?

1). Millimetre wave spectrum
2). Network function virtualization
3). Software-defined transport networks
4). Scalable Internet of Things

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