Read the passage given below and answer the questions given below the passage.
In the preceding section there is analysed the attempt on the part of individuality to operate as its own legislator and judge of laws holding for individuals. Individuality may claim the privilege of enunciating laws universal in character but having their source and inspiration solely in the single individual. Such laws can at best only be regulative and cannot be constitutive of the substance of individuality; for the substance of individuality necessarily involves other individuals within it. In short, individuality is itself only realised as a part of a concrete whole of individuals: its life is drawn from common life in and with others.
To attempt to enunciate laws from itself as if it could create the conditions of its own inherent universality can only issue in one result: laws are furnished without the content which gives those laws any meaning, or else the laws and the content remain from first to last external to one another. But if laws are purely formal, they cease to be "laws," i.e. constitutive conditions of individuality. Hence the attempt above described is sure to break down by its own futility. What is wanted to give the laws meaning is the concrete substance of social life: and when this concrete substance is provided ipso facto the attempt of individuality to create laws disappears, for these laws are already found in operation in social life.
Only such laws have reality. But this involves the further step that individuality is only realised, only finds its true universal content, in and with the order of a society. Here alone is individuality what it is in truth, at once a particular focus of self-consciousness, and a realisation of universal mind. This condition where individuality is conscious of itself only in and with others, and conscious of the common life as its own, is the stage of spiritual existence. Spiritual existence and social life thus go together. The following section begins the analysis of this phase of experience, which extends from the simplest form of sociality the Family up to the highest experience of universal mind Religion.
The immediately succeeding section may be taken as the keystone of the whole arch of experience traversed in the Phenomenology. Here it is pointed out that all the preceding phases of experience have not merely been preparing the way for what is to follow, but that the various aspects, hitherto treated as separate moments of experience, are in reality abstractions from the life of concrete spirit now to be discussed and analysed. It is noteworthy that from this point onwards the argument is less negative in its result either directly or indirectly, and is more systematic and constructive. This is no doubt largely because hitherto individual mind as such has been under review, and this is an abstraction from social mind or spiritual existence.
What is a spiritual existence, according to the passage?
A passage is given with 10 questions following it. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
When one looks at monetary flows, along with the creation of jobs, the tourism sector represents one of the largest industries globally. The preceding aspect is an important one, as tourism provides the opportunity for small and medium-sized (5 through 500 employees) businesses to form, along with microenterprises that typically consist of fewer than six people, and usually represent family operations. These types of enterprises create employment opportunities, and in tourism, particularly in developing countries, the influx of tourist money provides openings for street vendors, cart food services, transport, and other self-employment. The preceding has been brought forth to provide the context for this examination to the extent that tourism can be sustainable in developing countries. The point being made is that the hard currency flows represent an economic benefit that is important not only in tourism money spent but also as a basis for foreign investment and the creation of opportunities for foreign businesses to set up operations, with tourism as the entree.
Sustainable tourism in developing countries represents an important economic aspect that can help to increase foreign investment in a broader sphere of industrial areas outside of tourism. The importance of tourism is that it is an important economic tool that can be utilised for a broad range of areas that can benefit a developing country if its government has the vision, commitment, and foresight to see the real world implications and demonstrated successes that tourism can bring. As pointed out, tourism represents a commitment to infrastructure, marketing, promotion, and the involvement of the private business sector along with the local communities that will be impacted to set the foundation for programs, facilities, business opportunities and commercial realisations that benefit the locale. Tourism is a means to change external opinions and perceptions of an area through internally directed programs such as place marketing. While some destinations may have been discovered by travellers or writers and became trendy ‘in spots’ that position will dwindle for the next ‘in spot’ unless the government takes notice and seizes the opportunity to make the location such that it stays on the tourist radar. In other instances, locales can be put into the tourist arena as a result of their special circumstances and conditions, such as weather, beaches, lakes, snow, forests, wild animals, monuments and ancient cities, cultural festivals and the like, Whatever the nuance, the building of travel requires planned infrastructure to enhance the experience. Easy transport access, rent cars, power, Internet lines, police, etc. Sustainable tourism requires sustainable efforts in order to make it work.
Do you think factors like indigenous culture and the presence of locals help in promoting tourism of a place?
Read the passage given below and then answer the questions given below the passage.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.
As a major producer of plastic waste that ends up in the oceans, India is arguably the best place to host World Environment Day. Union Environment Minister Harsh Vardhan has said the government means business, and the UN theme, “Beat Plastic Pollution”, will not remain an empty slogan. His claim would have inspired greater confidence had India taken its own rules on waste management seriously. Both the Solid Waste Management Rules and the Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 of 2016, which built on previous regulations, mostly remain on paper. State governments have simply not given them the necessary momentum, and the producers of plastic articles that are invariably used just for a few minutes have shown little concern about their negative environmental impact. The Centre’s somewhat liberal estimate shows over 60% of about 25,000 tonnes of plastic waste generated daily is collected. That essentially means a staggering 10,000 tonnes of trash is being released into the environment, a lot of it going into the sea. Also, not every piece of plastic collected by the system is scientifically processed. It is no surprise, therefore, that the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system is on the UN map of 10 rivers worldwide that collectively carry the bulk of the plastic waste into the oceans. The effects are evident: they threaten marine life and the well-being of people, as microplastics are now found even in drinking water. In their response to the crisis, communities and environmentally minded individuals are ahead of governments and municipal authorities. They segregate waste, compost at home, conduct ''plastic free'' social events and help recover materials that would otherwise just be dumped in the suburbs and wetlands. But, valuable as they are, voluntary efforts cannot achieve what systemic reform can. It is the Centre’s responsibility to ensure that the Environment (Protection) Act, the overarching law that enables anti-pollution rules to be issued, is implemented in letter and spirit. Ideally, regulation should help stop the manufacture of single-use plastic articles such as carry bags and cutlery, and encourage the use of biodegradable materials. There is a challenge here, though. The provisions of the Plastic Waste Management Rules require manufacturers of compostable bags to get a certificate from the Central Pollution Control Board, but this has not stopped counterfeit products from entering the market. Local bodies mandated under rules to ensure segregation, collection and transfer of waste to registered recyclers have spectacularly failed to fulfil their responsibilities. The State Level Monitoring Committees provided for under the rules have not been made accountable. The waste management framework is dysfunctional, and Mr. Vardhan’s assertions on beating plastic pollution alone will not inspire confidence. India and the world face a plastics crisis. Solving it will take more than slogans.
Read the passage given below and then answer the questions given below the passage. Some words may be highlighted for your attention. Read carefully.
Last week, a Jet Airways flight from Mumbai to Jaipur had to return within 45 minutes, after the pilots reportedly “forgot” to turn on the bleed air switch which helps in maintaining cabin pressure. This led to a sudden drop in air pressure inside the aircraft. The situation was scary: oxygen masks were deployed, several passengers developed nosebleeds and bleeding ears, and many reported splitting headaches.
This is not a stand-alone incident. On September 1, a Pune-bound Airbus A320 neo plane of GoAir had to return after it suffered a technical snag. A few days back, two pilots were grounded for this incident for their “poor handling of emergency” — while they had landed safely, it was later found that the pilots had failed to apply sufficient thrust while landing, which led to a dangerous fall in airspeed. The aircraft also reportedly came in too low and landed well ahead of the touchdown point. Its troubles did not end there. The aircraft suffered a second glitch while moving towards the hangar and had to be towed the rest of the way.
Then, on September 11, an Air India flight from Delhi to New York developed “multiple instrument failure”. With all the onboard systems to assist him to land the aircraft in adverse weather out of order, the pilot, in a remarkable display of skill, somehow managed to land the flight on manual and visual controls in Newark. Again, on September 19, an IndiGo flight from Mumbai to Ahmedabad made an emergency landing at its destination after a tyre burst. And earlier this month, an Air India flight to Male, Maldives, landed on an under-construction runway.
This is by no means a comprehensive list of the myriad accidents, mishaps and near-misses involving Indian aircraft which are taking place on an almost daily basis. These are the reported ones; many more probably go unnoticed by the public, since they remain confined within an airline or airport operator’s domain. Thankfully, India has not had too many fatal air crashes involving civilian aircraft, despite being the fastest growing aviation market in the Asia Pacific region. Indian airlines are expected to double their fleet strength from the current 600 or so within a decade. But that admirable record, as many of these incidents show, may be more due to luck or human skill rather than anything systemic.
India’s civil aviation sector is simply growing too fast for safety. Intense competition is forcing airlines to keep their fares low despite surging fuel prices and a falling rupee. This, in turn, is forcing them to “sweat” their assets mercilessly. Aircraft — and the crew operating them — are flying longer hours, making more take-offs and landings (the riskiest periods in a flight) than ever before, and ground crew are forced to “turn around” an aircraft in an increasingly shorter time.
This means that corners are being cut everywhere — in safety, in maintenance, in repairs and in operations. In a written reply in Parliament in March this year, the Civil Aviation Ministry said that in 2017, nine domestic carriers together reported a total of 24,791 snags. Of course, given the volume of operations — Mumbai and Delhi airports alone handle over 2,000 aircraft movements per day, and the Mumbai-Delhi corridor is the world’s third busiest — snags are to be expected. But the issue is how many of these get attended to immediately, and how close an eye the regulator is keeping on operators to see that they are following the rules.
Airlines, of course, insist that they are following every rule and regulation to the letter, but the reality appears to be otherwise, something which industry insiders confirm off the record. Add to this the breakneck expansion leading to less experience in the cockpit, stretched infrastructure on the ground, and perhaps even untrained pilots in charge (remember the ‘fake pilot’ scam a few years ago?), and the situation becomes explosive. While the landside (the passenger handling area before security) infrastructure has improved a lot over the years, the airside infrastructure may not have kept up. A recent Right to Information-based investigation by ET Prime revealed that Instrument Landing Systems, which aid pilots in landings, in a staggering 98% of Indian airports had lapsed calibration certificates — some, including major metros and even the Prime Minister’s constituency airport of Varanasi which he visits often, for years together. This is when the International Civil Aviation Organisation has mandated the Instrument Landing Systems approach for all landings.
After the latest spate of alarms, Union Civil Aviation Minister Suresh Prabhu ordered a comprehensive safety audit of all airlines and sought a report within 30 days. That is good but the issue is whether this will be followed up with any seriousness. In the high-risk business of aviation, “grow first, fix later” is simply not an option.
“In order to maintain the cabin pressure inside an airplane, ______ is switched on." The word that correctly fits the blank is: